Encapsulation and access control -

Encapsulation and access control

Figure 225. Access control: Overall objectives

Fine-grained control on attributes and methods.
Support encapsulation / Information hiding.

Purpose: Hide implementation details within class or package

Figure 226. Example: Two ways implementing a day's time

public class DayTime {
  private int ❶ minutesSinceMidnight;

  public int getMinute() { ❷
    return minutesSinceMidnight % 60;
  }
  public int getHour() {❷
    return minutesSinceMidnight / 60;
  }
}

public class DayTime {
  private int minute, hour;❶
         
  public int getMinute() { ❷
        return minute;
  }
  public int getHour() { ❷
        return hour;
  }
}

❶	Private attributes are only accessible by methods belonging to the very same class.
❷	`public` items accessible by all (alien) classes.

Figure 227. private modifier access violation

No access to private field of alien class Time:

public class Q {
  public static void main(String[] args) {

      DayTime t = new DayTime();

      // Error: 'minutesSinceMidnight' has private access in 'Time'
      t.minutesSinceMidnight = 371;
  }
}

Figure 228. Absent access modifier, access violation

No access modifier = package - local access

package a;

public class X{
  // No public  
  // modifier
  int i;
}

package a;

public class Y {

  void displayValues(X x) {
      // o.K.
      System.out.println(x.i);  
  }
}

package b;

// X resides in different package
import a.X;

public class Z {
  void displayValues(X x) {
    // Error:
    // 'i' is not public in 'a.X'    
    // Cannot be accessed from
    // outside package
    System.out.println(x.i);
  }
}

Figure 229. Access rules

Access Level	Other package	Child class	Same package	Same class
`public`	yes	yes	yes	yes
`protected`	no	yes	yes	yes
[omitted]	no	no	yes	yes
`private`	no	no	no	yes

Figure 230. “Tips on Choosing an Access Level”

Use the most restrictive access level that makes sense for a particular member.
Use private unless you have a good reason not to.
Avoid public fields except for constants. Public fields tend linking to a particular implementation and limit your flexibility in changing your code.

exercise No. 91

Understanding access control

Follow the example given in “Classes and Packages of the Example Used to Illustrate Access Levels” and define two respective classes Alpha and Beta in different packages. Supply suitable dummy methods and fields illustrating both legal and illegal access.

Alpha Beta AlphaSub Gamma

package package_one;

public class Alpha {

  public     int attribPublic;
  protected  int attribProtected;
/*Default*/  int attribDefault;
  private    int attribPrivate;

  void dummy(/* same class */) {
    int v;
    v = attribPublic;
    v = attribProtected;
    v = attribDefault;
    v = attribPrivate;
  }
}

package package_one;

public class Beta {






  void dummy(Alpha a) {
    int v;
    v = a.attribPublic;
    v = a.attribProtected;
    v = a.attribDefault;
    v = a.attribPrivate;
  }
}

//different package
package package_two;

import package_one.Alpha;

public class AlphaSub
              extends Alpha {


  void dummy(/* Inherited */) {
    int v;
    v = attribPublic;
    v = attribProtected;
    v = attribDefault;
    v = attribPrivate;
  }
}

//different package
package package_two;
import package_one.Alpha;

public class Gamma {




  void dummy(Alpha a) {
    int v;
    v = a.attribPublic;
    v = a.attribProtected;
    v = a.attribDefault;
    v = a.attribPrivate;
  }
}

Note

Notice the related follow up inheritance exercise.

exercise No. 92

Explaining times

In Figure 226, “Example: Two ways implementing a day's time ” we have:

public int getMinute() { 
    return minutesSinceMidnight % 60;
}

Explain the term minutesSinceMidnight % 60's underlying idea.

Every 60 minutes a new hour begins and minutes start from zero again.

The term minutesSinceMidnight / 60 amounts to the number of hours passed since 0:00 or midnight. Building the remainder minutesSinceMidnight % 60 provides the current minute.

Example: If there are 134 minutes elapsed since midnight this amounts to 134 / 60 == 2 hours and 134 % 60 == 14 minutes.

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