Class Pattern

A compiled representation of a regular expression.

A regular expression, specified as a string, must first be compiled into an instance of this class. The resulting pattern can then be used to create a Matcher object that can match arbitrary character sequences against the regular expression. All of the state involved in performing a match resides in the matcher, so many matchers can share the same pattern.

A typical invocation sequence is thus

 Pattern p = Pattern.compile("a*b");
 Matcher m = p.matcher("aaaaab");
 boolean b = m.matches();

A matches method is defined by this class as a convenience for when a regular expression is used just once. This method compiles an expression and matches an input sequence against it in a single invocation. The statement

 boolean b = Pattern.matches("a*b", "aaaaab");

is equivalent to the three statements above, though for repeated matches it is less efficient since it does not allow the compiled pattern to be reused.

Instances of this class are immutable and are safe for use by multiple concurrent threads. Instances of the Matcher class are not safe for such use.

Summary of regular-expression constructs

Regular expression constructs, and what they match

Construct	Matches
Characters
x	The character x
\\	The backslash character
\0n	The character with octal value 0n (0 <= n <= 7)
\0nn	The character with octal value 0nn (0 <= n <= 7)
\0mnn	The character with octal value 0mnn (0 <= m <= 3, 0 <= n <= 7)
\xhh	The character with hexadecimal value 0xhh
\uhhhh	The character with hexadecimal value 0xhhhh
\x{h...h}	The character with hexadecimal value 0xh...h (Character.MIN_CODE_POINT  <= 0xh...h <=  Character.MAX_CODE_POINT)
\N{name}	The character with Unicode character name 'name'
\t	The tab character ('\u0009')
\n	The newline (line feed) character ('\u000A')
\r	The carriage-return character ('\u000D')
\f	The form-feed character ('\u000C')
\a	The alert (bell) character ('\u0007')
\e	The escape character ('\u001B')
\cx	The control character corresponding to x
Character classes
[abc]	a, b, or c (simple class)
[^abc]	Any character except a, b, or c (negation)
[a-zA-Z]	a through z or A through Z, inclusive (range)
[a-d[m-p]]	a through d, or m through p: [a-dm-p] (union)
[a-z&&[def]]	d, e, or f (intersection)
[a-z&&[^bc]]	a through z, except for b and c: [ad-z] (subtraction)
[a-z&&[^m-p]]	a through z, and not m through p: [a-lq-z](subtraction)
Predefined character classes
.	Any character (may or may not match line terminators)
\d	A digit: [0-9] if * UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS is not set. See Unicode Support.
\D	A non-digit: [^0-9]
\h	A horizontal whitespace character: [ \t\xA0\u1680\u180e\u2000-\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000]
\H	A non-horizontal whitespace character: [^\h]
\s	A whitespace character: [ \t\n\x0B\f\r] if UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS is not set. See Unicode Support.
\S	A non-whitespace character: [^\s]
\v	A vertical whitespace character: [\n\x0B\f\r\x85\u2028\u2029]
\V	A non-vertical whitespace character: [^\v]
\w	A word character: [a-zA-Z_0-9] if UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS is not set. See Unicode Support.
\W	A non-word character: [^\w]
POSIX character classes (US-ASCII only)
\p{Lower}	A lower-case alphabetic character: [a-z]
\p{Upper}	An upper-case alphabetic character:[A-Z]
\p{ASCII}	All ASCII:[\x00-\x7F]
\p{Alpha}	An alphabetic character:[\p{Lower}\p{Upper}]
\p{Digit}	A decimal digit: [0-9]
\p{Alnum}	An alphanumeric character:[\p{Alpha}\p{Digit}]
\p{Punct}	Punctuation: One of !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~
\p{Graph}	A visible character: [\p{Alnum}\p{Punct}]
\p{Print}	A printable character: [\p{Graph}\x20]
\p{Blank}	A space or a tab: [ \t]
\p{Cntrl}	A control character: [\x00-\x1F\x7F]
\p{XDigit}	A hexadecimal digit: [0-9a-fA-F]
\p{Space}	A whitespace character: [ \t\n\x0B\f\r]
java.lang.Character classes (simple java character type)
\p{javaLowerCase}	Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isLowerCase()
\p{javaUpperCase}	Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isUpperCase()
\p{javaWhitespace}	Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isWhitespace()
\p{javaMirrored}	Equivalent to java.lang.Character.isMirrored()
Classes for Unicode scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties
\p{IsLatin}	A Latin script character (script)
\p{InGreek}	A character in the Greek block (block)
\p{Lu}	An uppercase letter (category)
\p{IsAlphabetic}	An alphabetic character (binary property)
\p{Sc}	A currency symbol
\P{InGreek}	Any character except one in the Greek block (negation)
[\p{L}&&[^\p{Lu}]]	Any letter except an uppercase letter (subtraction)
Boundary matchers
^	The beginning of a line
$	The end of a line
\b	A word boundary: (?:(?<=\w)(?=\W)|(?<=\W)(?=\w)) (the location where a non-word character abuts a word character)
\b{g}	A Unicode extended grapheme cluster boundary
\B	A non-word boundary: [^\b]
\A	The beginning of the input
\G	The end of the previous match
\Z	The end of the input but for the final terminator, if any
\z	The end of the input
Linebreak matcher
\R	Any Unicode linebreak sequence, is equivalent to \u000D\u000A|[\u000A\u000B\u000C\u000D\u0085\u2028\u2029]
Unicode Extended Grapheme matcher
\X	Any Unicode extended grapheme cluster
Greedy quantifiers
X?	X, once or not at all
X*	X, zero or more times
X+	X, one or more times
X{n}	X, exactly n times
X{n,}	X, at least n times
X{n,m}	X, at least n but not more than m times
Reluctant quantifiers
X??	X, once or not at all
X*?	X, zero or more times
X+?	X, one or more times
X{n}?	X, exactly n times
X{n,}?	X, at least n times
X{n,m}?	X, at least n but not more than m times
Possessive quantifiers
X?+	X, once or not at all
X*+	X, zero or more times
X++	X, one or more times
X{n}+	X, exactly n times
X{n,}+	X, at least n times
X{n,m}+	X, at least n but not more than m times
Logical operators
XY	X followed by Y
X|Y	Either X or Y
(X)	X, as a capturing group
Back references
\n	Whatever the nth capturing group matched
\k<name>	Whatever the named-capturing group "name" matched
Quotation
\	Nothing, but quotes the following character
\Q	Nothing, but quotes all characters until \E
\E	Nothing, but ends quoting started by \Q
Special constructs (named-capturing and non-capturing)
(?<name>X)	X, as a named-capturing group
(?:X)	X, as a non-capturing group
(?idmsuxU-idmsuxU)	Nothing, but turns match flags i d m s u x U on - off
(?idmsuxU-idmsuxU:X)	X, as a non-capturing group with the given flags i d m s u x U on - off
(?=X)	X, via zero-width positive lookahead
(?!X)	X, via zero-width negative lookahead
(?<=X)	X, via zero-width positive lookbehind
(?<!X)	X, via zero-width negative lookbehind
(?>X)	X, as an independent, non-capturing group

---

Backslashes, escapes, and quoting

The backslash character ('\') serves to introduce escaped constructs, as defined in the table above, as well as to quote characters that otherwise would be interpreted as unescaped constructs. Thus the expression \\ matches a single backslash and \{ matches a left brace.

It is an error to use a backslash prior to any alphabetic character that does not denote an escaped construct; these are reserved for future extensions to the regular-expression language. A backslash may be used prior to a non-alphabetic character regardless of whether that character is part of an unescaped construct.

Backslashes within string literals in Java source code are interpreted as required by The Java Language Specification as either Unicode escapes (section 3.3) or other character escapes (section 3.10.6). It is therefore necessary to double backslashes in string literals that represent regular expressions to protect them from interpretation by the Java bytecode compiler. The string literal "\b", for example, matches a single backspace character when interpreted as a regular expression, while "\\b" matches a word boundary. The string literal "\(hello\)" is illegal and leads to a compile-time error; in order to match the string (hello) the string literal "\\(hello\\)" must be used.

Character Classes

Character classes may appear within other character classes, and may be composed by the union operator (implicit) and the intersection operator (&&). The union operator denotes a class that contains every character that is in at least one of its operand classes. The intersection operator denotes a class that contains every character that is in both of its operand classes.

The precedence of character-class operators is as follows, from highest to lowest:

Precedence of character class operators.

Precedence	Name	Example
1	Literal escape	\x
2	Grouping	[...]
3	Range	a-z
4	Union	[a-e][i-u]
5	Intersection	[a-z&&[aeiou]]

Note that a different set of metacharacters are in effect inside a character class than outside a character class. For instance, the regular expression . loses its special meaning inside a character class, while the expression - becomes a range forming metacharacter.

Line terminators

A line terminator is a one- or two-character sequence that marks the end of a line of the input character sequence. The following are recognized as line terminators:

• A newline (line feed) character ('\n'),
• A carriage-return character followed immediately by a newline character ("\r\n"),
• A standalone carriage-return character ('\r'),
• A next-line character ('\u0085'),
• A line-separator character ('\u2028'), or
• A paragraph-separator character ('\u2029').

If UNIX_LINES mode is activated, then the only line terminators recognized are newline characters.

The regular expression . matches any character except a line terminator unless the DOTALL flag is specified.

If MULTILINE mode is not activated, the regular expression ^ ignores line terminators and only matches at the beginning of the entire input sequence. The regular expression $ matches at the end of the entire input sequence, but also matches just before the last line terminator if this is not followed by any other input character. Other line terminators are ignored, including the last one if it is followed by other input characters.

If MULTILINE mode is activated then ^ matches at the beginning of input and after any line terminator except at the end of input. When in MULTILINE mode $ matches just before a line terminator or the end of the input sequence.

Groups and capturing

Group number

Capturing groups are numbered by counting their opening parentheses from left to right. In the expression ((A)(B(C))), for example, there are four such groups:

1. ((A)(B(C)))
2. (A)
3. (B(C))
4. (C)

Group zero always stands for the entire expression.

Capturing groups are so named because, during a match, each subsequence of the input sequence that matches such a group is saved. The captured subsequence may be used later in the expression, via a back reference, and may also be retrieved from the matcher once the match operation is complete.

Group name

A capturing group can also be assigned a "name", a named-capturing group, and then be back-referenced later by the "name". Group names are composed of the following characters. The first character must be a letter.

• The uppercase letters 'A' through 'Z' ('\u0041' through '\u005a'),
• The lowercase letters 'a' through 'z' ('\u0061' through '\u007a'),
• The digits '0' through '9' ('\u0030' through '\u0039'),

A named-capturing group is still numbered as described in Group number.

The captured input associated with a group is always the subsequence that the group most recently matched. If a group is evaluated a second time because of quantification then its previously-captured value, if any, will be retained if the second evaluation fails. Matching the string "aba" against the expression (a(b)?)+, for example, leaves group two set to "b". All captured input is discarded at the beginning of each match.

Groups beginning with (? are either pure, non-capturing groups that do not capture text and do not count towards the group total, or named-capturing group.

Unicode support

This class is in conformance with Level 1 of Unicode Technical Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expressions, plus RL2.1 Canonical Equivalents and RL2.2 Extended Grapheme Clusters.

Unicode escape sequences such as \u2014 in Java source code are processed as described in section 3.3 of The Java Language Specification. Such escape sequences are also implemented directly by the regular-expression parser so that Unicode escapes can be used in expressions that are read from files or from the keyboard. Thus the strings "\u2014" and "\\u2014", while not equal, compile into the same pattern, which matches the character with hexadecimal value 0x2014.

A Unicode character can also be represented by using its Hex notation (hexadecimal code point value) directly as described in construct \x{...}, for example a supplementary character U+2011F can be specified as \x{2011F}, instead of two consecutive Unicode escape sequences of the surrogate pair \uD840\uDD1F.

Unicode character names are supported by the named character construct \N{...}, for example, \N{WHITE SMILING FACE} specifies character \u263A. The character names supported by this class are the valid Unicode character names matched by Character.codePointOf(name).

Unicode extended grapheme clusters are supported by the grapheme cluster matcher \X and the corresponding boundary matcher \b{g}.

Unicode scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties are written with the \p and \P constructs as in Perl. \p{prop} matches if the input has the property prop, while \P{prop} does not match if the input has that property.

Scripts, blocks, categories and binary properties can be used both inside and outside of a character class.

Scripts are specified either with the prefix Is, as in IsHiragana, or by using the script keyword (or its short form sc) as in script=Hiragana or sc=Hiragana.

The script names supported by Pattern are the valid script names accepted and defined by UnicodeScript.forName.

Blocks are specified with the prefix In, as in InMongolian, or by using the keyword block (or its short form blk) as in block=Mongolian or blk=Mongolian.

The block names supported by Pattern are the valid block names accepted and defined by UnicodeBlock.forName.

Categories may be specified with the optional prefix Is: Both \p{L} and \p{IsL} denote the category of Unicode letters. Same as scripts and blocks, categories can also be specified by using the keyword general_category (or its short form gc) as in general_category=Lu or gc=Lu.

The supported categories are those of The Unicode Standard in the version specified by the Character class. The category names are those defined in the Standard, both normative and informative.

Binary properties are specified with the prefix Is, as in IsAlphabetic. The supported binary properties by Pattern are

• Alphabetic
• Ideographic
• Letter
• Lowercase
• Uppercase
• Titlecase
• Punctuation
• Control
• White_Space
• Digit
• Hex_Digit
• Join_Control
• Noncharacter_Code_Point
• Assigned
• Emoji
• Emoji_Presentation
• Emoji_Modifier
• Emoji_Modifier_Base
• Emoji_Component
• Extended_Pictographic

The following Predefined Character classes and POSIX character classes are in conformance with the recommendation of Annex C: Compatibility Properties of Unicode Technical Standard #18: Unicode Regular Expressions, when UNICODE_CHARACTER_CLASS flag is specified.

predefined and posix character classes in Unicode mode

Classes	Matches
\p{Lower}	A lowercase character:\p{IsLowercase}
\p{Upper}	An uppercase character:\p{IsUppercase}
\p{ASCII}	All ASCII:[\x00-\x7F]
\p{Alpha}	An alphabetic character:\p{IsAlphabetic}
\p{Digit}	A decimal digit character:\p{IsDigit}
\p{Alnum}	An alphanumeric character:[\p{IsAlphabetic}\p{IsDigit}]
\p{Punct}	A punctuation character:\p{IsPunctuation}
\p{Graph}	A visible character: [^\p{IsWhite_Space}\p{gc=Cc}\p{gc=Cs}\p{gc=Cn}]
\p{Print}	A printable character: [\p{Graph}\p{Blank}&&[^\p{Cntrl}]]
\p{Blank}	A space or a tab: [\p{IsWhite_Space}&&[^\p{gc=Zl}\p{gc=Zp}\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x85]]
\p{Cntrl}	A control character: \p{gc=Cc}
\p{XDigit}	A hexadecimal digit: [\p{gc=Nd}\p{IsHex_Digit}]
\p{Space}	A whitespace character:\p{IsWhite_Space}
\d	A digit: \p{IsDigit}
\D	A non-digit: [^\d]
\s	A whitespace character: \p{IsWhite_Space}
\S	A non-whitespace character: [^\s]
\w	A word character: [\p{Alpha}\p{gc=Mn}\p{gc=Me}\p{gc=Mc}\p{Digit}\p{gc=Pc}\p{IsJoin_Control}]
\W	A non-word character: [^\w]

Categories that behave like the java.lang.Character boolean ismethodname methods (except for the deprecated ones) are available through the same \p{prop} syntax where the specified property has the name javamethodname.

Comparison to Perl 5

The Pattern engine performs traditional NFA-based matching with ordered alternation as occurs in Perl 5.

Perl constructs not supported by this class:

• The backreference constructs, \g{n} for the n^thcapturing group and \g{name} for named-capturing group.

• The conditional constructs (?(condition)X) and (?(condition)X|Y),

• The embedded code constructs (?{code}) and (??{code}),

• The embedded comment syntax (?#comment), and

• The preprocessing operations \l \u, \L, and \U.

Constructs supported by this class but not by Perl:

• Character-class union and intersection as described above.

Notable differences from Perl:

• In Perl, \1 through \9 are always interpreted as back references; a backslash-escaped number greater than 9 is treated as a back reference if at least that many subexpressions exist, otherwise it is interpreted, if possible, as an octal escape. In this class octal escapes must always begin with a zero. In this class, \1 through \9 are always interpreted as back references, and a larger number is accepted as a back reference if at least that many subexpressions exist at that point in the regular expression, otherwise the parser will drop digits until the number is smaller or equal to the existing number of groups or it is one digit.

• Perl uses the g flag to request a match that resumes where the last match left off. This functionality is provided implicitly by the Matcher class: Repeated invocations of the find method will resume where the last match left off, unless the matcher is reset.

• In Perl, embedded flags at the top level of an expression affect the whole expression. In this class, embedded flags always take effect at the point at which they appear, whether they are at the top level or within a group; in the latter case, flags are restored at the end of the group just as in Perl.

• Free-spacing mode in Perl (called comments mode in this class) denoted by (?x) in the regular expression (or by the COMMENTS flag when compiling the expression) will not ignore whitespace inside of character classes. In this class, whitespace inside of character classes must be escaped to be considered as part of the regular expression when in comments mode.

For a more precise description of the behavior of regular expression constructs, please see Mastering Regular Expressions, 3rd Edition, Jeffrey E. F. Friedl, O'Reilly and Associates, 2006.