Module java.base
Package java.util.concurrent

Class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

java.lang.Object
java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
Type Parameters:
E - the type of elements held in this list
All Implemented Interfaces:
Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable<E>, Collection<E>, List<E>, RandomAccess, SequencedCollection<E>
public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> extends Object implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable
A thread-safe variant of ArrayList in which all mutative operations (add, set, and so on) are implemented by making a fresh copy of the underlying array.

This is ordinarily too costly, but may be more efficient than alternatives when traversal operations vastly outnumber mutations, and is useful when you cannot or don't want to synchronize traversals, yet need to preclude interference among concurrent threads. The "snapshot" style iterator method uses a reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is guaranteed not to throw ConcurrentModificationException. The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to the list since the iterator was created. Element-changing operations on iterators themselves (remove, set, and add) are not supported. These methods throw UnsupportedOperationException.

All elements are permitted, including null.

Memory consistency effects: As with other concurrent collections, actions in a thread prior to placing an object into a CopyOnWriteArrayList happen-before actions subsequent to the access or removal of that element from the CopyOnWriteArrayList in another thread.

This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Since:
1.5
See Also:

  • Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor
    Description
    CopyOnWriteArrayList()
    Creates an empty list.
    CopyOnWriteArrayList(E[] toCopyIn)
    Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.
    CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
    Creates a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.

  • Method Summary

    Modifier and Type
    Method
    Description
    void
    add(int index, E element)
    Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
    boolean
    add(E e)
    Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
    boolean
    addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)
    Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position.
    boolean
    addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
    Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
    int
    addAllAbsent(Collection<? extends E> c)
    Appends all of the elements in the specified collection that are not already contained in this list, to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
    void
    addFirst(E e)
    Adds an element as the first element of this collection (optional operation).
    boolean
    addIfAbsent(E e)
    Appends the element, if not present.
    void
    addLast(E e)
    Adds an element as the last element of this collection (optional operation).
    void
    clear()
    Removes all of the elements from this list.
    Object
    clone()
    Returns a shallow copy of this list.
    boolean
    contains(Object o)
    Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
    boolean
    containsAll(Collection<?> c)
    Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
    boolean
    equals(Object o)
    Compares the specified object with this list for equality.
    void
    forEach(Consumer<? super E> action)
    Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception.
    E
    get(int index)
    Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
    E
    getFirst()
    Gets the first element of this collection.
    E
    getLast()
    Gets the last element of this collection.
    int
    hashCode()
    Returns the hash code value for this list.
    int
    indexOf(E e, int index)
    Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching forwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
    int
    indexOf(Object o)
    Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
    boolean
    isEmpty()
    Returns true if this list contains no elements.
    Iterator<E>
    iterator()
    Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
    int
    lastIndexOf(E e, int index)
    Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching backwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
    int
    lastIndexOf(Object o)
    Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
    ListIterator<E>
    listIterator()
    Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
    ListIterator<E>
    listIterator(int index)
    Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
    E
    remove(int index)
    Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
    boolean
    remove(Object o)
    Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present.
    boolean
    removeAll(Collection<?> c)
    Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.
    E
    removeFirst()
    Removes and returns the first element of this collection (optional operation).
    boolean
    removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)
    Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate.
    E
    removeLast()
    Removes and returns the last element of this collection (optional operation).
    boolean
    retainAll(Collection<?> c)
    Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection.
    List<E>
    reversed()
    Returns a reverse-ordered view of this collection.
    E
    set(int index, E element)
    Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
    int
    size()
    Returns the number of elements in this list.
    Spliterator<E>
    spliterator()
    Returns a Spliterator over the elements in this list.
    List<E>
    subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
    Returns a view of the portion of this list between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
    Object[]
    toArray()
    Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).
    <T> T[]
    toArray(T[] a)
    Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
    String
    toString()
    Returns a string representation of this list.

    Methods declared in class java.lang.Object

    finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

    Methods declared in interface java.util.Collection

    parallelStream, stream, toArray

    Methods declared in interface java.util.List

    replaceAll, sort

  • Constructor Details

    • CopyOnWriteArrayList

      public CopyOnWriteArrayList()
      Creates an empty list.

    • CopyOnWriteArrayList

      public CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
      Creates a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
      Parameters:
      c - the collection of initially held elements
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

    • CopyOnWriteArrayList

      public CopyOnWriteArrayList(E[] toCopyIn)
      Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.
      Parameters:
      toCopyIn - the array (a copy of this array is used as the internal array)
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified array is null

  • Method Details

    • size

      public int size()
      Returns the number of elements in this list.
      Specified by:
      size in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      size in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      the number of elements in this list

    • isEmpty

      public boolean isEmpty()
      Returns true if this list contains no elements.
      Specified by:
      isEmpty in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      isEmpty in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      true if this list contains no elements

    • contains

      public boolean contains(Object o)
      Returns true if this list contains the specified element. More formally, returns true if and only if this list contains at least one element e such that Objects.equals(o, e).
      Specified by:
      contains in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      contains in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      o - element whose presence in this list is to be tested
      Returns:
      true if this list contains the specified element

    • indexOf

      public int indexOf(Object o)
      Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the lowest index i such that Objects.equals(o, get(i)), or -1 if there is no such index.
      Specified by:
      indexOf in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      o - element to search for
      Returns:
      the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

    • indexOf

      public int indexOf(E e, int index)
      Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching forwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the lowest index i such that i >= index && Objects.equals(get(i), e), or -1 if there is no such index.
      Parameters:
      e - element to search for
      index - index to start searching from
      Returns:
      the index of the first occurrence of the element in this list at position index or later in the list; -1 if the element is not found.
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the specified index is negative

    • lastIndexOf

      public int lastIndexOf(Object o)
      Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the highest index i such that Objects.equals(o, get(i)), or -1 if there is no such index.
      Specified by:
      lastIndexOf in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      o - element to search for
      Returns:
      the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

    • lastIndexOf

      public int lastIndexOf(E e, int index)
      Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching backwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the highest index i such that i <= index && Objects.equals(get(i), e), or -1 if there is no such index.
      Parameters:
      e - element to search for
      index - index to start searching backwards from
      Returns:
      the index of the last occurrence of the element at position less than or equal to index in this list; -1 if the element is not found.
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the specified index is greater than or equal to the current size of this list

    • clone

      public Object clone()
      Returns a shallow copy of this list. (The elements themselves are not copied.)
      Overrides:
      clone in class Object
      Returns:
      a clone of this list
      See Also:

    • toArray

      public Object[] toArray()
      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).

      The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

      This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs.

      Specified by:
      toArray in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      toArray in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      an array containing all the elements in this list
      See Also:

    • toArray

      public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)
      Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this list.

      If this list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than this list), the element in the array immediately following the end of the list is set to null. (This is useful in determining the length of this list only if the caller knows that this list does not contain any null elements.)

      Like the toArray() method, this method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may, under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.

      Suppose x is a list known to contain only strings. The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly allocated array of String: 

       String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);
      Note that toArray(new Object[0]) is identical in function to toArray().
      Specified by:
      toArray in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      toArray in interface List<E>
      Type Parameters:
      T - the component type of the array to contain the collection
      Parameters:
      a - the array into which the elements of the list are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
      Returns:
      an array containing all the elements in this list
      Throws:
      ArrayStoreException - if the runtime type of the specified array is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this list
      NullPointerException - if the specified array is null

    • get

      public E get(int index)
      Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
      Specified by:
      get in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - index of the element to return
      Returns:
      the element at the specified position in this list
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

    • getFirst

      public E getFirst()
      Gets the first element of this collection.
      Specified by:
      getFirst in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      getFirst in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Returns:
      the retrieved element
      Throws:
      NoSuchElementException - if this collection is empty
      Since:
      21

    • getLast

      public E getLast()
      Gets the last element of this collection.
      Specified by:
      getLast in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      getLast in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Returns:
      the retrieved element
      Throws:
      NoSuchElementException - if this collection is empty
      Since:
      21

    • set

      public E set(int index, E element)
      Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
      Specified by:
      set in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - index of the element to replace
      element - element to be stored at the specified position
      Returns:
      the element previously at the specified position
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

    • add

      public boolean add(E e)
      Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
      Specified by:
      add in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      add in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      e - element to be appended to this list
      Returns:
      true (as specified by Collection.add(E))

    • add

      public void add(int index, E element)
      Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
      Specified by:
      add in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - index at which the specified element is to be inserted
      element - element to be inserted
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

    • addFirst

      public void addFirst(E e)
      Adds an element as the first element of this collection (optional operation). After this operation completes normally, the given element will be a member of this collection, and it will be the first element in encounter order.
      Specified by:
      addFirst in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      addFirst in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Parameters:
      e - the element to be added
      Since:
      21

    • addLast

      public void addLast(E e)
      Adds an element as the last element of this collection (optional operation). After this operation completes normally, the given element will be a member of this collection, and it will be the last element in encounter order.
      Specified by:
      addLast in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      addLast in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Parameters:
      e - the element to be added.
      Since:
      21

    • remove

      public E remove(int index)
      Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices). Returns the element that was removed from the list.
      Specified by:
      remove in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - the index of the element to be removed
      Returns:
      the element previously at the specified position
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

    • removeFirst

      public E removeFirst()
      Removes and returns the first element of this collection (optional operation).
      Specified by:
      removeFirst in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      removeFirst in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Returns:
      the removed element
      Throws:
      NoSuchElementException - if this collection is empty
      Since:
      21

    • removeLast

      public E removeLast()
      Removes and returns the last element of this collection (optional operation).
      Specified by:
      removeLast in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      removeLast in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Returns:
      the removed element
      Throws:
      NoSuchElementException - if this collection is empty
      Since:
      21

    • remove

      public boolean remove(Object o)
      Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present. If this list does not contain the element, it is unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index i such that Objects.equals(o, get(i)) (if such an element exists). Returns true if this list contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list changed as a result of the call).
      Specified by:
      remove in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      remove in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      o - element to be removed from this list, if present
      Returns:
      true if this list contained the specified element

    • addIfAbsent

      public boolean addIfAbsent(E e)
      Appends the element, if not present.
      Parameters:
      e - element to be added to this list, if absent
      Returns:
      true if the element was added

    • containsAll

      public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)
      Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
      Specified by:
      containsAll in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      containsAll in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      c - collection to be checked for containment in this list
      Returns:
      true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • removeAll

      public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
      Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection. This is a particularly expensive operation in this class because of the need for an internal temporary array.
      Specified by:
      removeAll in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      removeAll in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      c - collection containing elements to be removed from this list
      Returns:
      true if this list changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
      ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection (optional)
      NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • retainAll

      public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)
      Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
      Specified by:
      retainAll in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      retainAll in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      c - collection containing elements to be retained in this list
      Returns:
      true if this list changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
      ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection (optional)
      NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • addAllAbsent

      public int addAllAbsent(Collection<? extends E> c)
      Appends all of the elements in the specified collection that are not already contained in this list, to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
      Parameters:
      c - collection containing elements to be added to this list
      Returns:
      the number of elements added
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • clear

      public void clear()
      Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will be empty after this call returns.
      Specified by:
      clear in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      clear in interface List<E>

    • addAll

      public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)
      Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
      Specified by:
      addAll in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      addAll in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      c - collection containing elements to be added to this list
      Returns:
      true if this list changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • addAll

      public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)
      Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear in this list in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
      Specified by:
      addAll in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - index at which to insert the first element from the specified collection
      c - collection containing elements to be added to this list
      Returns:
      true if this list changed as a result of the call
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())
      NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null
      See Also:

    • forEach

      public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action)
      Description copied from interface: Iterable
      Performs the given action for each element of the Iterable until all elements have been processed or the action throws an exception. Actions are performed in the order of iteration, if that order is specified. Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller.

      The behavior of this method is unspecified if the action performs side-effects that modify the underlying source of elements, unless an overriding class has specified a concurrent modification policy.

      Specified by:
      forEach in interface Iterable<E>
      Parameters:
      action - The action to be performed for each element
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified action is null

    • removeIf

      public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)
      Description copied from interface: Collection
      Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given predicate. Errors or runtime exceptions thrown during iteration or by the predicate are relayed to the caller.
      Specified by:
      removeIf in interface Collection<E>
      Parameters:
      filter - a predicate which returns true for elements to be removed
      Returns:
      true if any elements were removed
      Throws:
      NullPointerException - if the specified filter is null

    • toString

      public String toString()
      Returns a string representation of this list. The string representation consists of the string representations of the list's elements in the order they are returned by its iterator, enclosed in square brackets ("[]"). Adjacent elements are separated by the characters ", " (comma and space). Elements are converted to strings as by String.valueOf(Object).
      Overrides:
      toString in class Object
      Returns:
      a string representation of this list

    • equals

      public boolean equals(Object o)
      Compares the specified object with this list for equality. Returns true if the specified object is the same object as this object, or if it is also a List and the sequence of elements returned by an iterator over the specified list is the same as the sequence returned by an iterator over this list. The two sequences are considered to be the same if they have the same length and corresponding elements at the same position in the sequence are equal. Two elements e1 and e2 are considered equal if Objects.equals(e1, e2).
      Specified by:
      equals in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      equals in interface List<E>
      Overrides:
      equals in class Object
      Parameters:
      o - the object to be compared for equality with this list
      Returns:
      true if the specified object is equal to this list
      See Also:

    • hashCode

      public int hashCode()
      Returns the hash code value for this list.

      This implementation uses the definition in List.hashCode().

      Specified by:
      hashCode in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      hashCode in interface List<E>
      Overrides:
      hashCode in class Object
      Returns:
      the hash code value for this list
      See Also:

    • iterator

      public Iterator<E> iterator()
      Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.

      The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove method.

      Specified by:
      iterator in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      iterator in interface Iterable<E>
      Specified by:
      iterator in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence

    • listIterator

      public ListIterator<E> listIterator()
      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).

      The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove, set or add methods.

      Specified by:
      listIterator in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence)

    • listIterator

      public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)
      Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list. The specified index indicates the first element that would be returned by an initial call to next. An initial call to previous would return the element with the specified index minus one.

      The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove, set or add methods.

      Specified by:
      listIterator in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      index - index of the first element to be returned from the list iterator (by a call to next)
      Returns:
      a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in the list
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

    • spliterator

      public Spliterator<E> spliterator()
      Returns a Spliterator over the elements in this list.

      The Spliterator reports Spliterator.IMMUTABLE, Spliterator.ORDERED, Spliterator.SIZED, and Spliterator.SUBSIZED.

      The spliterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the spliterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while operating on the spliterator.

      Specified by:
      spliterator in interface Collection<E>
      Specified by:
      spliterator in interface Iterable<E>
      Specified by:
      spliterator in interface List<E>
      Returns:
      a Spliterator over the elements in this list
      Since:
      1.8

    • subList

      public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
      Returns a view of the portion of this list between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive. The returned list is backed by this list, so changes in the returned list are reflected in this list.

      The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if the backing list (i.e., this list) is modified in any way other than via the returned list.

      Specified by:
      subList in interface List<E>
      Parameters:
      fromIndex - low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList
      toIndex - high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList
      Returns:
      a view of the specified range within this list
      Throws:
      IndexOutOfBoundsException - for an illegal endpoint index value (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size || fromIndex > toIndex)

    • reversed

      public List<E> reversed()
      Returns a reverse-ordered view of this collection. The encounter order of elements in the returned view is the inverse of the encounter order of elements in this collection. The reverse ordering affects all order-sensitive operations, including those on the view collections of the returned view. If the collection implementation permits modifications to this view, the modifications "write through" to the underlying collection. Changes to the underlying collection might or might not be visible in this reversed view, depending upon the implementation.

      Modifications to the reversed view are permitted and will be propagated to this list. In addition, modifications to this list will be visible in the reversed view. Sublists and iterators of the reversed view have the same restrictions as those of this list.

      Specified by:
      reversed in interface List<E>
      Specified by:
      reversed in interface SequencedCollection<E>
      Returns:
      a reverse-ordered view of this collection, as a List
      Since:
      21